litaba

Hoo e ka bang ntho e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe eo re kopanang le eona lefatšeng la kajeno e itšetlehile ka lisebelisoa tsa elektronike ho isa bohōleng bo itseng.Ho tloha ha re qala ho fumana mokhoa oa ho sebelisa motlakase ho hlahisa mosebetsi oa mechine, re thehile lisebelisoa tse kholo le tse nyenyane ho ntlafatsa bophelo ba rona ka theknoloji.Ho tloha mabone a motlakase ho ea ho li-smartphone, lisebelisoa tsohle. re nts'etsapele e na le likarolo tse 'maloa tse bonolo tse kopantsoeng hammoho ka litlhophiso tse fapaneng. Ha e le hantle, ka lilemo tse fetang lekholo, re itšetlehile ka:
Phetoho ea rona ea sejoale-joale ea elektronike e itšetlehile ka mefuta ena e mene ea likarolo, hammoho - hamorao - transistors, ho re tlisetsa hoo e batlang e le ntho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe eo re e sebelisang kajeno. matla a fokolang, le ho hokahanya lisebelisoa tsa rona ho tse ling, kapele re kopana le meeli ena ea khale.Theknoloji.Empa, mathoasong a lilemo tsa bo-2000, tsoelo-pele e mehlano kaofela e ile ea kopana, 'me e se e qalile ho fetola lefatše la rona la kajeno.Tsohle li tsamaile joang.
1.) Nts'etsopele ea graphene. Har'a lisebelisoa tsohle tse fumanoang tlhahong kapa tse entsoeng ka laborateng, taemane ha e sa le ntho e thata ka ho fetisisa. Ho na le tse tšeletseng tse thata ka ho fetisisa, tse thata ka ho fetisisa ke graphene. E notletsoe hammoho ka sebopeho sa kristale sa hexagonal, e ile ea aroloa ka phoso ka laborateng. Lilemo tse tšeletseng feela ka mor'a tsoelo-pele ena, ba sibolotseng Andrei Heim le Kostya Novoselov ba ile ba fuoa Khau ea Nobel ea Fisiks. 'meleng, lik'hemik'hale, le khatello ea mocheso, empa ha e le hantle ke lesela le phethahetseng la liathomo.
Graphene e boetse e na le lintho tse khahlang tsa conductive, ho bolelang hore haeba lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki, ho kenyeletsoa li-transistors, li ka etsoa ka graphene ho e-na le silicon, mohlomong li ne li ka ba nyane hape li potlakile ho feta eng kapa eng eo re nang le eona kajeno. thepa e thibelang mocheso, e matla le e tsamaisang motlakase.Ho feta moo, graphene e ka ba 98% e bonaletsang ho khanya, ho bolelang hore ke phetoho bakeng sa li-touchscreens tse bonaletsang, liphanele tse ntšang khanya esita le lisele tsa letsatsi.Joalokaha Nobel Foundation e boletse lilemo tse 11. nakong e fetileng, “mohlomong re mothating oa ntlafatso e ’ngoe e nyenyane ea elektronike e tla etsa hore lik’homphieutha li sebetse hantle haholoanyane nakong e tlang.”
2.) Surface mount resistors.Ena ke thekenoloji ea khale ka ho fetisisa "e ncha" 'me mohlomong e tloaeleha ho mang kapa mang ea arotseng k'homphieutha kapa selefouno.A surface mount resistor ke ntho e nyenyane e khutlonnetsepa, hangata e entsoe ka ceramic, e nang le mapheo a conductive ka bobeli. phethoa
Lintho tsena li etsa hore e be tse loketseng bakeng sa tšebeliso ea lisebelisoa tsa elektronike tsa morao-rao, haholo-holo matla a tlaase le lisebelisoa tsa thelefono. matla ao u ka a sebelisang ho tsona ka har'a lithibelo tsa boholo bo lekanang.
3.) Supercapacitors.Capacitors ke e 'ngoe ea theknoloji ea khale ka ho fetisisa ea elektronike.Li thehiloe holim'a mokhoa o bonolo oo ho oona ho nang le likarolo tse peli tsa conductive (lipoleiti, li-cylinders, likhetla tse chitja, joalo-joalo) li arohaneng ho tloha ho tse ling ka sebaka se senyenyane,' me tse peli. bokaholimo bo khona ho boloka litefiso tse lekanang le tse fapaneng.Ha u leka ho feta hona joale ka capacitor e qosa 'me ha u tima ea hajoale kapa u hokela lipoleiti tse peli capacitor e tsoa. ho phatloha ka potlako ha matla a lokolloang, le lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki tsa piezoelectric, moo liphetoho khatellong ea sesebelisoa li hlahisang matšoao a motlakase.
Ha e le hantle, ho etsa lipoleiti tse ngata tse arohaneng ka libaka tse nyenyane haholo ka tekanyo e nyenyane haholo ha ho thata feela empa ho na le moeli o fokolang. Lisebelisoa tsena tsa miniaturized li ka lefisoa le ho lokolloa hangata pele li fela; tjhaja le ho lahla kapele; 'me u boloke makhetlo a 100 matla ka tekanyo ea yuniti ea li-capacitor tsa khale.Ke theknoloji e fetolang papali ha ho tluoa tabeng ea lisebelisoa tsa elektronike tse nyenyane.
4.) Super inductors.Ha e le ea ho qetela ea "Big Three," superinductor ke sebapali sa morao-rao sa ho tsoa ho fihlela 2018.Inductor ha e le hantle ke coil e nang le hona joale e sebelisoang ka mokokotlo oa magnetizable.Li-inductors li hanyetsa liphetoho ho matla a bona a ka hare a makenete. tšimo, e bolelang haeba u leka ho lumella hore hona joale ho phalle ho eona, e hanyetsa ka nakoana, ebe e lumella hona joale hore e phalle ka bolokolohi ho eona, 'me qetellong e hanyetse liphetoho hape ha u tima hona joale. lintlha tse tharo tsa motheo tsa lipotoloho tsohle.Empa hape, ho na le moeli oa hore na ba ka ba nyenyane hakae.
Bothata ke hore boleng ba inductance bo itšetlehile ka sebaka se ka holimo sa inductor, e leng 'molai oa litoro ho latela miniaturization. feela joalokaha bohloa bo moleng bo tlameha ho “buisana” ho fetola lebelo la bona, likaroloana tsena tse tsamaisang hona joale, joaloka lielektrone, li lokela ho sebelisana ka matla hore li potlake. kapa ho fokotsa lebelo.Ho hana ho fetoha hona ho baka maikutlo a ho sisinyeha.Tlas'a boetapele ba Nanoelectronics Research Laboratory ea Kaustav Banerjee, ho se ho qapiloe mochini o hlahisang matla a kinetic o sebelisang theknoloji ea graphene: thepa e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ea inductance density e kileng ea tlalehoa.
5.) Beha graphene sesebelisoa leha e le sefe.Joale a re ke re hlahlobeng.Re na le graphene.Re na le "super" versions of resistors, capacitor and inductors - miniaturized, robust, trusted and efficient.The hurdle final in the ultra-miniaturization revolution in electronics. , bonyane ka khopolo, ke bokhoni ba ho fetola sesebelisoa leha e le sefe (se entsoeng ka ntho leha e le efe) hore e be sesebelisoa sa elektronike.Ho etsa hore sena se khonehe, sohle seo re se hlokang ke bokhoni ba ho kenya lisebelisoa tsa elektronike tse thehiloeng ho graphene ho mofuta ofe kapa ofe oa thepa eo re e batlang, ho kenyelletsa le lisebelisoa tse tenyetsehang.Taba ea hore graphene e na le mokelikeli o motle, ho tenyetseha, matla, le conductivity, ha e se kotsi ho batho, e etsa hore e be e loketseng morero ona.
Lilemong tse 'maloa tse fetileng, lisebelisoa tsa graphene le graphene li 'nile tsa etsoa ka tsela e finyelitsoeng feela ka mekhoa e seng mekae eo ka boeona e leng thata. deposition.Leha ho le joalo, ho na le li-substrates tse seng kae feela tseo graphene e ka kenngoa ho tsona ka tsela ena.U ka fokotsa ka lik'hemik'hale graphene oxide, empa haeba u etsa joalo, u tla qetella u e-na le graphene ea boleng bo tlaase.U ka boela ua hlahisa graphene ka ho ntša metsi ka mechine. , empa sena ha se u lumelle ho laola boholo kapa botenya ba graphene eo u e hlahisang.
Mona ke moo tsoelo-pele ea graphene e ngotsoeng ka laser e kenang.Ho na le litsela tse peli tse kholo tsa ho finyella sena.E 'ngoe ke ho qala ka graphene oxide.Ho tšoana le pele: u nka graphite le oxidize, empa ho e-na le ho e fokotsa ka lik'hemik'hale, ua e fokotsa. ka laser.Ho fapana le lik'hemik'hale tse fokolitsoeng graphene oxide, ke sehlahisoa sa boleng bo phahameng se ka sebelisoang ho li-supercapacitor, li-circuits tsa elektronike, le likarete tsa memori, har'a tse ling.
U ka boela ua sebelisa polyimide, polasetiki ea mocheso o phahameng, le mohlala oa graphene ka ho toba ka laser.Laser e senya litlamo tsa lik'hemik'hale ka har'a marang-rang a polyimide, 'me liathomo tsa carbon li itlhophisa ka mocheso ho theha maqephe a graphene a tšesaane, a boleng bo phahameng.Polyimide e bontšitse lithane tsa lits'ebetso tse ka bang teng, hobane ha o ka ngola lipotoloho tsa graphene ho eona, ha e le hantle u ka fetola sebopeho leha e le sefe sa polyimide hore e be lisebelisoa tsa elektronike tse ka aparoang. Tsena, ho bolela tse seng kae, li kenyelletsa:
Empa mohlomong ntho e thabisang ka ho fetisisa—ka lebaka la ho hlaha, ho phahama, le ho ata ha lintho tse ncha tse sibollotsoeng tsa laser-engraved graphene—e haufi le moo ho ka khonehang. .E 'ngoe ea mehlala e makatsang ka ho fetisisa ea theknoloji e hlolehang ho tsoela pele ke libeteri.Kajeno, re batla re sebelisa lik'hemik'hale tse omeletseng tsa lisele ho boloka matla a motlakase, theknoloji ea lilemo tse makholo.Mehlala ea lisebelisoa tse ncha tsa polokelo, joalo ka libeteri tsa zinc-air le boemo bo tiileng. flexible electrochemical capacitors, li entsoe.
Ka laser-engraved graphene, ha se feela hore re ka fetola tsela eo re bolokang matla ka eona, empa re ka boela ra etsa lisebelisoa tse aparoang tse fetolang matla a mechine ho fetoha motlakase: triboelectric nanogenerators.Re ka etsa li-photovoltaics tse tsotehang tse nang le bokhoni ba ho fetola matla a letsatsi. e ka boela ea etsa lisele tsa biofuel tse tenyetsehang; menyetla e meholohali.Meeling ea ho bokella le ho boloka matla, liphetohelo kaofela li teng ka nako e khuts'oane.
Ho feta moo, laser-engraved graphene e lokela ho tlisa nako ea li-sensor tse e-s'o ka li e-ba teng. Sena se kenyelletsa li-sensor tsa 'mele, joalo ka liphetoho tsa' mele (joalo ka mocheso kapa khatello) li baka liphetoho linthong tsa motlakase tse joalo ka ho hanyetsa le ho hlobaela (tse kenyelletsang menehelo ea capacitance le inductance). ).E boetse e kenyelletsa lisebelisoa tse lemohang liphetoho tsa khase le mongobo, 'me - ha li sebelisoa' meleng oa motho - liphetoho tsa 'mele matšoaong a bohlokoa a motho.Ka mohlala, khopolo ea "Star Trek-inspired tricorder" e ka felloa ke nako ka potlako. ho kenya feela karolo ea bohlokoa ea ho beha leihlo sebaka se re lemosang hang-hang ka liphetoho leha e le life tse tšoenyang 'meleng ea rona.
Mokhoa ona oa ho nahana o ka boela oa bula sebaka se secha: li-biosensors tse thehiloeng ho theknoloji ea laser-engraved graphene.'Metso oa maiketsetso o thehiloeng holim'a graphene e ngotsoeng ka laser e ka thusa ho shebella ho thothomela ha 'metso, ho khetholla phapang pakeng tsa ho khohlela, ho kurutla, ho hoeletsa, ho koenya le ho ōma ka hlooho. metsamao.graphene e ngotsoeng ka Laser e boetse e na le bokhoni bo boholo haeba u batla ho theha bioreceptor ea maiketsetso e ka lebisang limolek'hule tse itseng, ho etsa li-biosensor tse sa tšoaneng tse ka aparoang, kapa esita le ho thusa ho nolofalletsa mekhoa e fapaneng ea ho sebelisa telemedicine.
E bile ka 2004 moo mokhoa oa ho hlahisa lipampiri tsa graphene, bonyane ka boomo, o qalileng ho ntlafatsoa.Ka lilemo tse 17 ho tloha ka nako eo, letoto la tsoelo-pele e tšoanang e qetelletse e hlahisitse ka pele monyetla oa ho fetola tsela eo batho ba sebelisanang le lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki. Ha ho bapisoa le mekhoa eohle e teng ea ho hlahisa le ho etsa lisebelisoa tse thehiloeng ho graphene, laser-engraved graphene e nolofalletsa mekhoa ea graphene e bonolo, e hlahisoang ka bongata, ea boleng bo phahameng le e theko e tlaase ka mekhoa e sa tšoaneng e kenyeletsang phetoho ea elektronike ea letlalo.
Haufinyane, hoa utloahala ho lebella tsoelo-pele lefapheng la eneji, ho kenyeletsoa taolo ea matla, kotulo ea matla, le polokelo ea matla. Hape haufinyane ho na le tsoelo-pele ea li-sensor, ho kenyeletsoa li-sensors tsa 'mele, li-sensors tsa khase, esita le li-biosensors. phetohelo e ka 'na ea tsoa ho liaparo, ho kenyelletsa le lisebelisoa bakeng sa lits'ebetso tsa tlhahlobo ea telemedicine.Ka sebele, liphephetso le litšitiso tse ngata li ntse li le teng.Empa litšitiso tsena li hloka ntlafatso ho e-na le ntlafatso ea phetoho.Ha lisebelisoa tse hokahaneng le Marang-rang a Lintho li ntse li tsoela pele ho hola, tlhokahalo ea ultra-small electronics is great than ever.Ka tsoelopele ea morao-rao ea theknoloji ea graphene, bokamoso bo se bo le teng ka litsela tse ngata.